Tuesday 5 January 2010

Iridium-A precious metal

Iridium


Alternate meaning: Iridium (satellite)
Iridium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ir and atomic number 77. A heavy, very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum family, iridium is used in high strength alloys that can withstand high temperatures and occurs in natural alloys with platinum or osmium. Iridium is notable for being the most corrosion resistant element known and for its association with the demise of the dinosaurs. It is used in high temperature apparatus, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum.
Table of contents
1 Notable Characteristics
2 Applications
3 History
4 Occurrence
5 Isotopes
6 Precautions
7 External Links


Notable Characteristics

A platinum family metal, iridium, is white, resembling platinum, but with a slight yellowish cast. Due to its extreme hardness and brittle properties, iridium is difficult to machine, form, or work. Iridium is the most corrosion-resistant metal known
Iridium can not be attacked by any acids or by aqua regia, but it can be attacked by molten salts, such as NaCl and NaCN. The specific gravity of this element is only slightly lower than osmium, which is generally considered to be the heaviest element known. However, calculations of density from the space lattice may produce more reliable data for these elements than actual measurements and give a density of 22650 for iridium versus 22661 for osmium. Definitive selection between the two is therefore not possible at this time. It's just too close to call.

Applications

The principal use of iridium is as a hardening agent in platinum alloys. Other uses;
At one time iridium, as an alloy with platinum, was used in bushing the vents of heavy ordnance and in a finely powdered condition (iridium black), for painting porcelain black.

History

Iridium (Latin iris meaning "rainbow") was discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in London, England along with osmium in the dark colored residue of dissolving crude platinum in aqua regia (a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acid). This element was named after the Latin word for rainbow because its salts are highly colored.
This metal was to make the standard meter bar in Paris, which is an alloy of 90 % platinum and 10 % iridium. In 1960 the Paris meter bar was replaced as definition of the fundamental unit of length (see krypton).
The KT event, marking the temporal border between the Cretaceous and Tertiary eras of geological time, was identified by a thin stratum of iridium. According to many scientists, such as Luis Alvarez of Berkeley, California, this iridium was of extraterrestrial origin, attributed to a asteroid or a comet thought to have struck near what is now the Yucatan Peninsula.
However, there are others such as Dewey M. McLean of Virginia Polytechnic Institute who argue that the iridium was of volcanic origin. The Earth's core is rich in iridium, and Piton de la Fournaise on R�union, for example, is still releasing iridium today.

Occurrence

Iridium is found uncombined in nature with platinum and other platinum group metals in alluvial deposits. Naturally occurring iridium alloys include osmiridium and iridiosmium, both of which are mixtures of iridium and osmium. It is recovered commercially as a by-product from nickel mining and processing.

Isotopes

There are two natural isotopes of iridium, and many radioisotopes, the most stable being Ir-192 with a half-life of 73.83 days. Ir-192 decays into platinum, while most of the other radioisotopes decay into osmium.

Precautions

Iridium metal is generally non-toxic due to its relative unreactivity, but iridium compounds should be considered highly toxic.

Mfkzt" - A New Dimension in the Value of Gold

I am very excited about this one, the more I read on the subject, the more intrigued and shocked I am. To know that Gold can be used in such a way as to allow us to travel to other dimensions? and has regenerative properties when ingested?
What we have here is a new dawn for us in the field of Mfkzt.

Here is a very interesting site regarding the matter

http://www.gold-eagle.com/editorials_05/srobbins011806.html

"Mfkzt" - A New Dimension in the Value of Gold
Stephen Robbins, PhD

Let us add another dimension to the perceived value of gold. It is a value applied to an alternative source of energy, higher states of consciousness, space-travel, health and in all likelihood, more. This value emerges from a science apparently once known to the ancients, now being rediscovered. In what follows, let me state that I am, for the most part, merely condensing a much larger discussion of the subject by Lawrence Gardner (Lost Secrets of the Sacred Ark).

"Mfkzt" (sometimes pronounced "mufkuzt") is the ancient Egyptian name for a transformed state of gold. By a special process of arc heating, gold and other platinum group metals can be turned into a single atom or monatomic substance - a form of powder - that has superconductive properties. The process was rediscovered starting in the late 1970's through the efforts of David Hudson, a large landowner and farmer near Yuma, Arizona. The high sodium content of much Arizona soil makes it crunchy and impenetrable by water. Hudson was attempting to use sulfuric acid to combat this, and in the course of analyzing soil constituents that were not dissolved by the acid, a strange substance began to emerge. Curiously, it was observed, when exposed over time to the hot sun, small chunks of the soil that failed to dissolve would suddenly burst in a blaze of light and disappear. An expert in Arc Emission Spectroscopy was engaged. This process involves placing a sample in a carbon electrode cup and bringing another electrode down above it to create an arc. As the current flows, the elements in the sample literally boil off (ionize), giving off their specific light frequencies. Once the electrode burned itself away (about 15 seconds), the standard process still left a glowing white bead yet comprising 98% percent of the sample, but registering (to the spectroscope) nothing! Using a special, Soviet-designed version which encapsulates the process in an inert gas such as argon, the elements of the soil sample again boiled away - small amounts of iron, silica, aluminum, titanium, etc. For 70 seconds, all readings stopped, then came palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium and at 220 seconds, osmium - the metals of the platinum group (PGM).

The tests continued from 1983-1989, at Hudson's expense, with highly qualified experts. The substance was heated at 1.2 degrees C per minute, and cooled at 2 degrees C per minute. In the heating process, at the moment the sample changed from its original dullness to the whiteness of its bright bead and subsequent powder, its weight fell to 56% of the original. The other 44% was inexplicably missing. Further heating at 1160 degrees in a vacuum resulted in a wonderfully clear glass, and a return to 100% of the original weight. Repeatedly heated and cooled under inert gases, the sample rose to 300-400% of its original weight, but when heated again, it weighed less than nothing - below zero. At this point, the sample would disappear from sight. A voltmeter with live electrodes touched to ends of the substance (when visible) revealed no conductivity whatever. The substance was a high temperature superconductor.

A superconductor does not allow any voltage potential or any magnetic field to exist within itself; it is a perfect insulator. But it is extremely sensitive to magnetic fields of infinitely minute magnitudes and will respond to extremely small magnetic forces. Within such a conductor a single frequency light flows, liquid-like, at the speed of sound. Its null magnetic field repels both North and South magnetic poles, but it can absorb high magnetic energy, producing even more light. The Earth's magnetic field can give sufficient energy for it to levitate. This is what was happening to the apparently missing 44% of weight. And when the sample registered as less than zero, the material was in a full state of levitation. The field produced by the flowing light, which excludes all other fields, is termed a Meissner field. When two superconductors are linked by their Meissner fields, over any distance, the two can act, instantaneously, in a process termed "quantum coherence." For two particles in a coherent state and separated by a great distance, a change in one particle, for example its spin state, is instantaneously communicated to the other. This is despite the fact that given the classical limitation of the maximum velocity of communication at the speed of light, such instantaneous communication should not have happened.

As more light can continually "pour" into the same space, any amount of energy can be stored in a superconductor, and transmitted over any distance via a quantum wave which knows no boundaries of space or time. You can start a superconductor flowing by applying a magnetic field. It responds by flowing light inside, building a larger Meissner field. Drop the magnet and return in 100 years, it is still flowing. Indeed, in the course of his efforts, Hudson had made contact with scientists, at the time from GE, who had realized that a monatomic superconductor could enable the perfect, environmentally friendly fuel-cell. Hudson planned to start a manufacturing plant to produce the critical monatomic component.

According to a theory of physicist Hal Puthoff, at the point in heating when the powder (now termed by physics "exotic matter") disappears, it resides outside of space-time, in another dimension. Proof of this was ascertained by attempting to disturb and scoop the substance off the pan while invisible, so that it would be in a new position when again seen. This did not happen - the substance always returned to the same position.

Discussions of exotic matter and "stealth atoms" began to appear in the scientific journals in the early 1990's. Physics refers to the monatomic high-spin state as "asymmetrical deformed high-spin nuclei." A correlated subject is the manipulation of space-time. Alcubierre (Journal of Classical and Quantum Gravity, 1994), stated flatly: "It is now known that it is possible to modify space-time in a way that allows a spaceship to travel at an arbitrarily large speed by a purely local expansion of the space-time behind the spaceship and a purely local contraction in front of it - a motion faster than the speed of light reminiscent of the warp drive of science fiction." Szpir (American Scientist, 1994) reconciled this with relativity's theoretic limit of velocity to the speed of light, arguing that when in "warp" mode, the craft would not really be traveling at all, for the true rate of acceleration would be zero. Making Szpir's relocation of chunks of space-time possible - "exotic matter," i.e., matter which has a gravitational attraction of less than zero.

Let us turn, for a moment, to the past. In 1904, the great British archaeologist, Sir W. M. Flinders Petrie, discovered a massive cave in an area of the Sinai he believed to be the biblical Mount Horeb. Within was an ancient temple dedicated to the Goddess Hathor. The associated artifacts and inscriptions, to include a metallurgists crucible, indicated it had been in continuous operation for 1500 years. Hidden beneath the flagstones was a considerable quantity - many tons - of a pure white powder. Within also were innumerable references to "bread" and the traditional hieroglyph for "light." In one of a whole class of similar depictions, Hathor offers the emblem of life to the pharaoh, while behind her, her treasurer holds a conical loaf of "white bread." The conical loaves were the "Shem-an-na, " the bread of life, associated with increasing longevity and with travel to the realms of the afterlife. This was the province of the kings and nobles. It is now known that monatomic platinum group metals will resonate with deformed (or cancerous) body cells, "relaxing" and correcting the DNA, while iridium is tuned to the ends of the DNA strands, turning the DNA itself into a superconductor. "Mfkzt" was listed in the Egyptian lists of precious substances, while the locality of the king in the afterlife is called the "Field of Mfkzt." It seems there was a precise reason that Moses ground the golden calf to a powder, put it in water and fed it to the unruly Israelites (Exodus 32:20) - it was to raise their consciousness.

The Israelites themselves, it has been argued, were the Hykso's. Expelled from their kingdom in lower Egypt, they took their technology with them. The Ark, with its thick outer and inner plates of gold, both sandwiching a layer of insulating "shittim" wood, formed a massive capacitor. The solid gold lid alone is estimated to have weighed 2700 pounds, excluding the two golden cherubim perched on top, serving as electrodes when connected to the inner and outer plate respectively. Just sitting, it would have accumulated a massive, deadly charge. Within was placed a golden container of mfkzt/shem-an-na or manna (see Hebrews 9:4). The bible makes it clear that the Ark was capable of levitation and had destructive powers. Recent works have suggested that after the First Crusade, the Templar's, apparently the custodians of a secret knowledge passed on for generations, recovered the Ark from its hiding place in the cavern-vaults beneath the Jerusalem temple, and hid it again before the demise of their order in 1307. Near a door of the cathedral of Chartres, a Latin inscription reads: "Here is yielded up the Ark of the Covenant." On the floor of the cathedral, there is the famous figure/design of the labyrinth. A 4'6" diameter copper plate once was fastened over this (the bolt studs are still visible). Copper is a type 2 superconductor (allowing some penetration of external fields). Directly above, from the roof, there once hung a massive lodestone. Laced with iridium, as is common for these extra-terrestrial stones, it would have been a powerful type 1 superconductor (no external field penetration). Needed to start a powerful tubular flux between the two was a source of voltage, and the Ark, with its mfkzt within and itself a superconductor with its own Meissner field, was such par excellence. Gardner speculates that the Ark itself rests precisely yet in Chartres - in another dimension. If so, it is surrounded by the mysterious stained glass of the cathedrals with its wonderful, etheric inner light - a glass that perhaps only now can be duplicated.

By 1995, at the demand of the patent office, Hudson was able to demonstrate the reverse process. From a sample that registered as iron, silica and aluminum, there emerged an ingot that analyzed as pure gold. The alchemists, to include Newton himself as modern scholars have uncovered, were apparently pursuing an ancient possibility that was once quite well understood. But Hudson's story ends predictably. He refused the advances of an "investor" who was traced to the DOD. He was told that his projects would never be allowed to complete, and eventually was shut down via "natural" (OSHA, EPA, fines) red tape. As Gardner, notes, "...it is now destined to become a science of big league players at government and corporate levels. Consequently, the stakes are high and the precious metals markets have moved on to a new platform of strategic operation. As oil begins its downward slide to become the fuel of yesteryear, the future masters of the globe will be those who control the gold and PGM supplies." Gold is the new oil. Rather than being produced from the soil of earth through Hudson's process, the decision has been made: the source of the monatomic powder and its vast profits will be controlled by those who hold the existent stores and control the mining operations. A case can be made that it was to this end - control in the "proper hands" - that, beginning in 1999, gold was devalued and systematically sold off by the Bank of England and other central banks.

There is much more to this subject. Please do your own diligence.

Got mfkzt? Or the metallic form thereof?


Stephen Robbins, PhD.

20 January 2006

The Bionic Body

Hi people, 'HAPPY NEW YEAR'.

I will give you the links to some great sites, which i found very interesting regarding The Bionic Body. The advancement in the sciences and mechanics as grown greatly in the past decade. Is it now possible to have a fully functioning bionic man? Lets check it out

The Bionic Body

If a starfish loses an arm, it's no big deal. A starfish has regenerative capabilities, so the starfish can grow a new arm. In fact, you can cut a starfish in half and each piece could regenerate, forming two separate starfish! Lots of other organisms have ways to regenerate. Some lizards and salamanders can grow new tails and some insects can grow new legs.

Wouldn't it be great if we could repair ourselves in the same way? Imagine losing an arm in an accident, and then growing a new one two weeks later!

Okay, that's impossible. But your body can do a little regeneration of its own. For example, if you wipeout on your skateboard or cut yourself while making dinner, your epidermis (skin) can regenerate to heal the wound. If you were to cut off your fingertip in woodworking class, you might even grow another one (as long as the cut is above your fingernail bed, the area where your fingernail starts to grow). The new tip probably wouldn't look exactly like what you lost, though.

Will you ever be able to grow a new arm? Maybe! Scientists are working with a type of cell called a stem-cell. These special cells might let humans regenerate. Maybe in the future we can grow new body parts.

But what can we do right now to help people who need new body parts? From head to toe, there are already lots of "bionic body parts" that doctors can use. Let's take a closer look at a few of them.



Artificial Vision


Photo courtesy Advanced Bionics Artificial silicon retina device (black dot) on a penny
The artificial silicon retina (ASR) is a very tiny microchip, smaller than a pencil eraser. It has a diameter of just 2 mm (.078 inch) and is thinner than a human hair. Why is it so tiny? The ASR has to be small enough to fit inside your eye without doing any damage. These chips must also be bio compatible with the cells in the eye.

The ASR needs a power source, but that's easy - it's solar! The ASR receives all of its needed power from light shining into the eye. The ASR is still in the testing phase, but it looks promising. People who have the chip are able to see more colors and shapes, and they see more clearly.


Photo courtesy Advanced Bionics
An implanted ASR device


http://express.howstuffworks.com/bionic-body1.htm

Artificial Heart

Would you like a mechanical heart? So far, twelve people have received AbioCor Implantable Replacement Hearts, the first completely self-contained artificial heart. "Self-contained" means that everything is inside the patients body, including the batteries. A charger uses something called an inductive plate to send energy through the skin to charge the battery.

The AbioCor heart weighs about 2 pounds and is made of titanium and plastic. It can pump more than 10 liters of blood per minute, which is enough for everyday stuff like walking. The AbioCor works in a different way from a real heart. A real heart can pump blood to the lungs and the body on each beat. The AbioCor sends blood to the lungs and then to the body every other beat, instead of both at the same time. This helps to keep the artificial heart small, and there is still plenty of blood flow for normal life.


Photo courtesy Abiomed
AbioCor artificial heart

Most people who get the AbioCor heart can live for five months after their transplants. That might not sound like much, but it is twice as long as they would have lived without it.

http://express.howstuffworks.com/bionic-body2.htm

Prosthetic Limbs


Photo courtesy UtahArm
Internal parts of prosthetic hand

With the help of computer aided design (CAD) technology and some incredible materials like titanium, Kevlar and carbon fiber, scientists can make prosthetic limbs. Athletes like Rudy Garcia-Tolson take full advantage of this new technology. Despite having both legs amputated above the knee, Garcia-Tolson plays football, swims and even runs track. In fact, this amazing 15-year-old athlete will be competing in the 2004 Paralympics Games.

Rudy relies on two different types of Ossur foot prostheses. For most sports, he wears the Flex-Foot C-Sprint. For everyday activities, he uses Vari-Flex. Both types are made of carbon fiber. It is lightweight but super-strong and flexible. The designs don't look like natural legs and feet, but they have ankle motion and good shock absorption just like a real leg.

After appearing on the TV show "ER," the "Utah Arm" might be the most famous prosthetic limb. The Utah Arm and Hand System looks very natural. It works naturally too. The muscle tissue in the stump "talks" to the prosthetic limb through a computer. A long-lasting battery powers the movement of the hand, wrist and elbow.


Photo courtesy UtahArm
Prosthetic arm
http://express.howstuffworks.com/bionic-body3.htm

Bionic Hearing


Photo courtesy Advanced Bionics
Cochlear Implant

A normal hearing aid turns up the volume on the world. That really helps if you have mild hearing loss. People who lose all their hearing need a Cochlear implant. Instead of just making sounds louder, a Cochlear implant actually talks directly to the brain.

There are three main parts to the Cochlear setup: the implant itself (which is surgically placed inside your ear), a sound processor that fits over your ear, and an electrode array. The processor translates sounds into digital information and sends it to the implant through an antenna. The implant changes this information into electrical signals and sends these signals to the electrode array. The electrode array sends the electrical signals to the auditory nerve. And the auditory nerve passes this sound information to the brain.


Photo courtesy Advanced Bionics
Ear diagram: placement of Cochlear Implant

http://express.howstuffworks.com/bionic-body4.htm